The Tub King Blog

What do Animal Fat, Wood Ash and the “Days of Our lives” Have in Common?

By Alan Knight

Believe it or not, the answer fits in the palm of your hand: Soap!

The history of soap making and usage goes hand-in-slippery-hand with the history of bathing. (See our previous blogs, “History of European Bathing …” “Bathtubs in the Old West,” and “The Birth of the Bathtub.”)

Soaps ― there are many different kinds ― are mainly used as surfactants for washing, bathing, and cleaning, but they’re also used in textile spinning, as antiseptics, for various medicinal purposes (such an antidote for various types of poisoning) and are components of certain types of lubricating greases. Soaps are also used for decorative purposes.

What’s in a Name?

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There are two schools of thought concerning the origin of the word, “soap.” One legend has it that soap was named for the fictional Mount Sapo, which was supposedly near Rome in Italy, where ancient Romans made burnt animal sacrifice offerings to their pantheon of deities. The wood ash and animal grease resulting from such sacrifices formed a primitive kind of soap. However, another school of thought says the word “soap” hails from Europe's ancient Celts, whose animal fat/wood ash soap was called “saipo.”

Soap Through the Centuries

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Aside from making fire and cooking food, blending oil and fat into soap is one of the oldest and simplest chemical reactions known to mankind. An excavation of ancient Babylon revealed that the Babylonians were making soap around 2800 B.C., being the first culture to master the art of soap making. A formula for soap consisting of water, alkali and cassia oil was written on a Babylonian clay tablet around 2200 BC. Typically, their soap was made from animal fats boiled with wood ashes. Initially, soap was used for cleaning wool and cotton that was used in textile manufacturing. Also in the Middle East, the Ebers papyrus (Egypt, 1550 BC) reveals that the ancient Egyptians mixed animal and vegetable oils with alkaline salts to produce a soap-like substance. According the Pliny the Elder, the Phoenicians used goat's tallow and wood ashes to create soap in 600 BC. In his “Historia Naturalis,” he discusses the manufacturing of soap from animal fat and ashes, but mentions it was only used as a hair pomade. Early Romans were thought to have made some of their soap from urine (!). It was used throughout the Roman Empire as a topical treatment for various skin diseases.

Photo Credit: mbeenos1.blogspot.com

The purpose of soap as a cleanser appeared in the second century AD. By the 900s AD, soap was common in France, Italy, and Spain. A 12th-century Islamic document describes the process of soap production. It mentions one of soap’s two main ingredients, alkali, derived from the Arabic word al-qaly or “ashes,” which would later become important in modern day chemistry. By the 13th century, the manufacture of soap in the Islamic world had become virtually industrialized.

Soap production began in England around the end of the 12th century. In France, by the second half of the 15th century, the semi-industrialized professional manufacturing of soap was concentrated in a few cities that supplied the rest of the country. Finer soaps were later produced in Europe beginning in the 16th century, using vegetable oils (i.e., olive oil) as opposed to animal fats. Many of these soaps are still produced, both industrially and by small-scale soap artisans. For instance, Castile soap is a popular example of the vegetable-only soaps derived from the oldest “white soap” of Italy and Spain, named for the latter country’s Castile region. However, most European countries rarely used soap as a personal cleanser until the 17th century (which is one of the reasons perfumes and colognes were created, but that’s another story). Soap manufacturers had to pay a heavy tax on all the soap they made, which made it very expensive for most of its populace. So soap didn’t become a widespread commodity until the tax was repealed in 1853. By the 19th century, soap had become more readily available and was becoming popular throughout Europe.

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Soap making was a small scale, usually family-owned business until the Industrial Revolution. In 1780, Andrew Pears started making a high-quality, transparent soap. His family-derived soap-making business expanded when his son-in-law, Thomas J. Barrat, opened a soap factory in 1862. James Keir built a soap factory after he’d discovered a method for extracting alkaline products from potash and soda. Nearly 30 years later,

American manufacturer, Benjamin T. Babbitt, introduced marketing innovations that included the sale of bar soap and the mass distribution of his soap samples. William Hesketh Lever and his brother, James, bought a small soap works in in 1886 and founded what is still one of the largest soap businesses, formerly Lever Brothers, now called Unilever.

Industrially manufactured bar soaps first became available in the late 18th century, as advertising campaigns in Europe and the United States promoted the growing awareness of the relationship between cleanliness and health, especially as the understanding of microbiology and disease continued to unfold.

Today, the use of soap has become universal in industrialized nations due to a better understanding of the role of hygiene in reducing the population size and virility of pathogenic microorganisms.

The ABCs of S-o-a-p

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Soap is created by the combination of fats and oils with an alkaline base. From ancient times and even today, soap is derived from a combination of different types of fats:

Animal-based (tallow ― made from beef, sheep and other animals’ fat suet, which is the hard, white fat on the kidneys and loins of animals)

Plant-based (beeswax, canola, cocoa butter, coconut, olive, laurel, palm, peanut, soybean, etc.)

In a process known as saponification, soap is made when a fatty acid comes in contact with an alkali. When fats or oils are combined with a strong alkali, the alkali first splits the fats or oils into fatty acids and glycerin. The glycerin is a useful by-product, which can be left in the soap product as a softening agent, or extracted for other uses.

Photo Credit: churchstreeteats.com

When soap is used for cleaning, it enables various previously insoluble particles (dirt, grease, debris, microorganisms, etc.) to become soluble in water, which can then be rinsed off. For instance, oils and fats are normally insoluble in water, but when a couple of drops of soap are added, the oil/fat is broken down and can be washed away by the water. That’s how you can get things “squeaky clean.”

The type of alkali metal used determines the kind of soap product. Sodium soaps, prepared from sodium hydroxide, are firm, whereas potassium soaps, derived from potassium hydroxide, are softer or often in liquid form.

Soaping it Up

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Walk down any supermarket aisle today and you’ll find numerous different types of soap and soap-derived cleaning products: solid soaps, liquid soaps, body soaps, specialty facial soaps, shampoos, decorative soaps, toothpastes, shaving soap, laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, rug detergents, boot soaps, and various household cleaning products. And don’t forget all the different kinds of lubricants with soap as their main ingredient (especially as what’s sold in automotive specialty and hardware stores).

A somewhat recent “re-development” is the crafting and sale of handmade soaps by contemporary private soap artisans as well as interested DIYers. Most of these soap recipes usually use all-natural ingredients, and some are entirely vegan, that is, not made of any animal products. Many have delicious-sounding names such as Chocolate Mint, Bit o’ Honey, Oatmeal, Lavendar/Rosemary, Almond Nut and others. A perusal of your local health food store and/or the Internet will bring an entire world of exotic soaps to your bathroom and kitchen.

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A centuries-old chemical process creating what we now call soap has indelibly changed our lives for the better. It’s made us healthier and more aromatic. (Hence, more romantic?) So the next time you’re bathing in a Walk-in tub, Clawfoot tub, or a Safety Suite Shower, and you reach for the soap, think for a minute about its centuries-old history. You may even find yourself washing with more gusto and zest than ever before.

In this article, I briefly described the centuries-old history of soap-making. I also discussed how soap is made, and pointed out its various usages, products and byproducts. If you have a comment, please type it in the Comment section below. Of course, I encourage you to share this article with your family, friends, and colleagues.

If you'd like to receive a FREE Walk-in Tub Buyers' Guide, simply fill out the form below.

If you'd like to receive a FREE Clawfoot Tub Buyers' Guide, just fill out the form below.

Have a question? Feel free to contact me at the number or email listed below and I’ll personally get back to you. Thanks for reading; it’s been my pleasure to share this information with you.

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Alan Knight is the owner of Tub King, Inc., and SeniorBathtub.com in Jacksonville, Florida. He has many years of experience in the antique and senior bathtub industries. His companies not only provide superior products, they are also award winners, receiving the “Best of Jacksonville Chamber Award” four years running. To contact Tub King directly, call (800)843-4231 or email alan@tubking.com.

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Decorating the Bathroom in Your Log Cabin Home

By Alan Knight

Photo Credit: pinterest.com

Today there are tens of thousands of log cabins and log homes in the United States alone. Additionally, here are many more log home lovers who are considering building their dream home based on this revered material and design structure. There are about 400 companies in the U.S. and Canada vying for your business, ranging from small mom-and-pop shops to large-scale, multi-state operations

History of Log Cabins

For those who’ve never researched or have been introduced to it before, the history of log home building is fascinating.

In some of the earliest writings, construction of abodes and structures using logs was described by Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio as laying logs horizontally over top of each other and filling in the gaps with “chips and mud.” Earlier precursors to the log cabin of olden time construction has its roots in Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. Although their exact origin is uncertain, the first log structures were probably built in Northern Europe in the Bronze Age (about 3500 BC). Even before Europeans began to settle in North America, they had a long tradition of using logs for houses, barns, and other outbuildings in the Scandinavian countries as well as Germany, Northern Russia, and Ukraine.

According to noted historian C. Weslager, the Finns had a “close attunement” with forests. He states: "By stacking tree trunks on top of one another and overlapping the logs at the corners, people made the ‘log cabin.’ They developed interlocking corners by notching the logs at the ends, resulting in strong structures that were easier to make weather-tight by inserting moss or other soft material into the joints. As the original coniferous forest extended over the coldest parts of the world, there was a prime need to keep these houses warm. The insulating properties of the solid wood were a great advantage over a timber frame construction covered with animal skins, felt, boards or shingles. Over the decades, increasingly complex joints were developed to ensure more weather tight joints between the logs, but the profiles were still largely based on the round log.”

Back to the Present

Though log home construction features some classic, “Daniel Boone” and “Davey Crockett-type” models as often seen on TV and in motion pictures, the log homes of today can be quite different than their earlier American counterparts. Today's log homes often feature innovative designs that, unlike their smaller predecessors, feel modern, open, and upscale. Many contemporary builders include large windows with outstanding views of the outdoor landscape, cathedral ceilings for a light and airy feel, and modern kitchens that are perfect for entertaining the scores of guests who always flock to any cozy log home.

Photo Credit: pinterest.com

Many residents or landlords of these homey dwellings today decorate their homes with stylish, contemporary furnishings and accents. Although the outside looks rustic, the inside looks much like any other home in the 21st century. However, there are still various elements that are commonly maintained in many of the current log homes, such as solid wood construction, not just in the logs, but even the furniture. Exposed solid wood beams that stretch across the expanse of the vaulted ceiling are common. Bedrooms enjoy exposed wood, or box-and-tray ceilings, giving each bedroom a more spacious feeling. Many tables are made of solid oak, hickory or cedar. Even chairs have the touch of the outdoors, with impressive carvings. Wall hangings of antlers and animal skins are not uncommon.

The Rub on Bathtubs

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In the younger years of our own country, if a log cabin had an indoor bathroom (most didn't), it would be very small. Inside the small bathroom, there would be a basin for washing, possibly a hand-pump, and a bathtub. Water would be heated on a wood stove and brought in for the tub. The bathtub would be made of wood or metal (zinc was popular), or later, porcelain and cast iron. The tub would typically be about 54 inches long, which is small by today’s standards.

Today's log homes’ bathrooms are usually enormous by comparison. An abundance of ceramic tile and stone tile line the floors and walls. The indoor toilet is oftentimes hidden in its own private room, allowing the separate area containing the sink and bathtub to make a statement of classic elegance. Today, there are many refinished (restored) antique Clawfoot tubs in log cabins, but something has changed in the market. No longer do you have to go out in search of an old porcelain tub that has been discarded, with all the problems of chips, broken porcelain, scratches, and fading porcelain. Over the last several years, many American companies (such as Tub King, Inc. of Jacksonville, Florida) have begun to import impressive, newly cast porcelain tubs from foundries all over the world. In addition to being built using time-honored materials with the latest technologies and equipment, they come in many sizes, designs and colors. The old Roll Top rim traditional tubs have given way to many handsome, and popular styles:

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The Slipper Tub with its high, arch back has become the most popular choice for log home lovers. Shaped similar to Cinderella’s slipper from the Disney movie, it offers a sexy look with fine lines and smooth edges. The legs come in various finishes such as chrome, brushed nickel, white, and oil-rubbed bronze.

The Dual-ended Tub has a gentle slope on each end of the tub for perfect balance and symmetry. The faucet and drain are located in the center of the tub, which allows for two bathers at once in the larger 68- or 75-inch versions.

The Double Slipper has the high back on both ends of the tub and is designed for the home that is looking for the very best in glamour and elegance. Since the modern log homes have opted for larger bathroom space, this tub will fit in almost any bathroom.

And for someone who really wants to display their bathtub, the Pedestal Tub is the ultimate. The tub, regardless of size, sits on a cast iron/porecelain skirt or base, instead of clawfoot-sculpted legs that actually place it on a pedestal. It is ideal for the homeowner that wants to feature their tub as a highlight of their home.

Victorian Pedestal sinks are also popular with the more modern log home designs, taking advantage of the precious space in even the smallest bathrooms.

Photo Credit: pinterest.com

Log homes may have changed in some aspects over the years, and the new improvements are certainly welcome. Designing your log home’s bathroom(s) to show off your beautiful, porcelain and cast iron bathtub makes for great décor as well as ensuring many wonderfully relaxing moments in your own, private provincial palace.

In this article, I shared information about the historic and contemporary build/design features of log homes, and also highlighted the various types of porcelain/cast iron tubs that have frequently complement their bathrooms. I pointed out that various types of porcelain/cast iron tubs are available today, and that will add a rustic, and memorable bathing experience.

Customer Testimonial for Double Slipper Pedestal Tub

If you have a comment, please type it in the Comments section below. Of course, I encourage you to share this article with your family, friends, and colleagues.

If you'd like to receive a FREE Clawfoot Tub Buyers' Guide, simply fill out the form below.

Have a question? Feel free to contact me at the number or email listed below and I’ll personally get back to you. Thanks for reading; it’s been my pleasure to share this information with you.

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JoAnne’s Walk-in Tub Success Story

By Alan Knight

Photo Credit: imgkid.com

Here at Tub King, we’ve been creating happy customers for over 14 years. What makes our customers so satisfied with their Walk-in Tubs? They really help people ... oftentimes in ways that can sometimes be easily take for granted. But when you’re older, giving up freedom and dignity takes its toll emotionally and can be a challenge physically. Conversely, gaining freedom and dignity is liberating. Here’s a true success story about JoAnne, one of our highly satisfied Walk-In tub customers.

JoAnne purchased a Walk-in Tub from us at the suggestion of her adult children (one of whom is a physician), because they were very concerned about her safety.

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As we’ve discussed before on our blog, there are well-documented statistics about accidental slips and falls occurring in the bathroom, particularly among older adults. In fact, the CDC once mentioned in its report entitled, “Nonfatal Bathroom Injuries Among Persons Aged ≥15 Years ― United States, 2008”: “Approximately 80% of all bathroom injuries were caused by falls, with the highest injury rates in the oldest age groups … bathrooms commonly are believed to be a particularly hazardous location … All persons, but especially older adults, should be aware of bathroom activities that are associated with a high risk of injury and of environmental modifications that might reduce that risk.”

The report’s findings were unequivocal: "For all ages, the most hazardous activities were bathing, showering, or getting out of the tub or shower. Approximately two thirds of all injuries occurred in the tub or shower, and approximately half were precipitated by bathing or showering, slipping, or getting out of the tub or shower.” (See our previous blog, “Shocking CDC Statistics About Bathroom Injuries – and What You Can Do to Prevent Them.”)

Back to our happy customer. JoAnne, probably in her late 60s to early 70s, had purchased a Walk-in Tub from us because she and her children were very concerned about her well-being in-general and safety in the bathroom in particular. “I’ve been extremely happy with it,” she says, while sitting on the sturdy ledge of her handsome Walk-in Tub, which we installed to fit in with her pre-existing, gray textured-tile, cozy bathtub “nook.”

Photo Credit: tubking.com

JoAnne says she loves to take baths, and especially enjoys relaxing in a deep-soaking bathtub. Her Walk-in Tub provides very easy access and egress into and out of the bath due to its very low threshold and water-tight door, which she very much appreciates.

Another reason she’s very happy with her Walk-in Tub is because of its optional hydrotherapeutic features, such as bubble jets, air jets and inline heater, of which her tub has all three. “I have arthritis all through my body, and it’s incredibly soothing to anybody who has arthritis,” she states matter-of-factly.

Several research studies reiterate our customer’s relief of pain from her condition via hydrotherapy. As stated in an article entitled “Hydrotherapy for Arthritis”:“Hydrotherapy can be a beneficial form of treatment for individuals with arthritic conditions. During hydrotherapy, a person is submersed in water, either to soak or to exercise. A hydrotherapist can instruct a patient on the types of movements appropriate for his or her condition. Hydrotherapy can be especially useful to treat the joint pain and stiffness associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The painful swelling in the joints that occurs with rheumatoid arthritis has been shown to decrease with hydrotherapy… Hydrotherapy can also be effective in helping those individuals with osteoarthritis (OA).”

Photo Credit: bariortho.com

After having her Walk-in Tub installed, Joanne had to undergo a total hip replacement. This is an in-patient surgical procedure, whereby the diseased cartilage and bone of the hip joint is surgically replaced with artificial materials. Total hip joint replacement involves surgical removal of the diseased ball and socket and replacing them with a metal (or ceramic) ball and stem inserted into the femur (upper leg) bone and an artificial plastic (or ceramic) cup socket. As you may imagine, this can be a very challenging and sometimes painful procedure to recover from, especially for elderly adults who live alone.

Again, here’s where the low-threshold door of the Walk-in Tub proved invaluable. “It saved me probably six hours of painful physical therapy, learning how to get into a regular tub,” she says.

And depending upon her insurance plan, it may have saved her hundreds, if not thousands of dollars in co-pay for that physical therapy, not to mention the time, hassle and perhaps additional costs (gas, parking, etc.) of having someone drive her to and fro the physical therapy sessions.

Furthermore, the Walk-in Tub’s non-slip floor and seat functionally provide an additional element of safety while also contributing to our customer’s peace of mind. “I feel totally safe standing up,” she states.

But don’t just take my word about it. See for yourself why Joanne is totally satisfied with her Walk-in Tub.

JoAnne's Walk-in Tub Testimonial About Her Tub King Walk-in Tub, Part 1

JoAnne's Testimonial About Her Walk-in Tub from Tub King, Part 2

In this success story about Walk-in Tubs, I shared with you highlights from one of the many testimonials we’ve received from our customers about them. I included some key findings from a CDC study about injuries sustained from falling in the bathroom, particularly for adults, the benefits of hydrotherapy for people suffering from arthritis, and more.

If you have a comment, please type it in the Comment section below. Of course, I encourage you to share this article with your family, friends, and colleagues.

If you'd like to receive a FREE Walk-in Tub Buyers' Guide, simply fill out the form below.

Have a question? Feel free to contact me at the number or email listed below and I’ll personally get back to you. Thanks for reading; it’s been my pleasure to share this information with you.

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What Celebrity Bathrooms Seem To Have In Common

Courtesy of blog.diamondspas.com

By Alan Knight

You might have noticed that there are quite a few celebrity homes on the market as of late. While celebrity tastes may vary, one thing is for sure: their homes are all over-the-top gorgeous, which makes them eminently resellable. While the number of bedrooms and baths vary from property to property, these are homes that the rest of us mere mortals can only admire from a distance. Let's look at a few:

Jimmy Kimmel is a very successful comedian who has excellent taste in decorating a bathroom. The late-night talk show celeb purchased a restored 1947 home in the Hollywood Hills a few years ago with then partner Sarah Silverman. The five-bedroom, five-bath home features an awesome master bath with a spa shower on a raised teak platform and a spectacular soaking tub that is both long and wide. The home is for sale at the price of $2,299 million.

Check out the Slipper and Double Slipper tubs

Actress Renee Zellweger's 1770s Connecticut farm house is low-key, but extremely tasteful. It was a very tasteful restoration with attention to detail that preserved many of the original features. The wide wood-plank flooring runs seamlessly throughout the historic home. It features a vintage vanity and a cast iron and porcelain claw foot tub. Renee is selling this country charmer for a paltry $1.6 million.

Courtesy of www.pinterest.com

No expense was spared when Celine Dion and her husband built their prestigious home in Jupiter, Florida back in 2010. The home is massive and sits along one of the longest private beaches in the state. This palace offers 16 bedrooms and a master bath that features a vaulted ceiling, along with a huge free-standing tub that overlooks the ocean. The property comes with its own waterpark and man-made beach, if you should grow tired of viewing the original one. The home was originally on the market for $75 million, but can now be had for a more affordable $62.5 million.

Lots of film companies use our tubs in their movies

Super model Christie Brinkley has a tropical retreat that sits on 200 feet of beachfront in the exclusive Parrot Cay Resort. Like the rest of the house, the master bedroom and master bath sit in their own detached pavilion just steps away from the sand. In the master bath, there is a traditional rolled rim porcelain tub with claw feet painted white just like the tub. She decided to place the faucet on a free-standing water line support made of brushed nickel that is centered on the side of the tub. The home originally was listed for $10.75 million, but can be had for "just" $9 million.

Courtesy of galleryhip.com

Kim Kardashian and her husband sank $20 million on a new estate in California Hills, but then saw another property closer to family came on the market they bought it, and moved there instead. The 8,000 square foot home built in 2012 features his and hers master baths. The master bath features a crystal chandelier and marble floor. It also contains an elegant dual ended pedestal porcelain tub with chrome fixtures.

Pop superstar, Adam Levine, opted for a more streamlined look in a remodeled 1940s-era ranch-style home. The master bath features marble walls and floor along with a vintage Clawfoot tub with black exterior and oiled-rubbed bronze feet.

Courtesy of cloudmind.info

The Manhattan townhouse Brooke Shields shares with her husband and children has a formal design that complements the home's original architectural details. Renovated in collaboration with designer David Flint Wood, the master bath includes a black exterior Double Slipper tub with brushed nickel faucet and shower wand. The tub was centered under a large window for effect. The bath also features a custom-designed vanity by MADE and a mosaic tile floor by Walker Zanger.

If you’ll notice, the one common thread that runs through each and every celebrity bathroom is the choice of bathtub. They choose high-profile tubs that make a statement. Many fashion-minded and design- conscious people have discovered that the bathtub itself can really make or break the bathroom. While not everyone has a celebrity’s buying power, believe it or not, it doesn't take a million dollar bankroll to afford a spectacular bathtub.

For more rustically designed bathrooms, a traditional Rolled top tub can make a statement without breaking the bank. It brings back the look and feel of the early to mid-twentieth century. This tub can be purchased today, newly cast with porcelain interior and cast iron exterior. Exterior colors are limitless and the legs can be purchased with a finish of chrome, brushed nickel, oil-rubbed bronze or limitless colors. The rolled rim version comes in lengths of 48 inches, 54 inches, 60 inches or 66 inches. And they are affordably priced under a thousand dollars.

One of Tub King's Double Slipper Clawfoot tubs

Another popular tub that we mentioned earlier was the dual ended tub. It has a gentle slope on each end of the tub with a center drain and center faucet holes. It offers perfect balance and comes with either legs in many finishes or a pedestal base.

The Double Slipper tub is a real eye-catcher. With the high back on each end of the tub, it speaks of a more glamorous era. The sexy lines of the tub make it one of the most popular. It is easily designed for two people, in that it is over 72 inches long.

Customer testimonial on one of our Double Slipper Pedestal tubs

You might not be financially able to purchase one of the celebrity homes that we mentioned, unless you have a few million dollars lying around, but you can afford to decorate your bathroom to look like it’s worth a million bucks. It all starts with the bathtub.

In this article, I talked about the how many celebrities’ home have something in common. They all have beautiful porcelain, cast iron Clawfoot or Pedestal tubs in their bathrooms. Many have the beautiful Slipper tub or the elegant Double Slipper models. Usually their porcelain tub are larger, 66 to 72 inch in length, and some allow for two bathers at once. Many of these tubs are very affordable starting under $1,000.

Another happy Tub King customer tells her story

If you’d like to receive a FREE Walk-In Tub Buyers’ Guide, click here. Or, if you’d like to receive a FREE Clawfoot Tub Buyers’ Guide, click here.

If you have a comment, please type it in the Comment section below. Of course, I encourage you to share this article with your family, friends, and colleagues.

Have a question? Feel free to contact me at the number or email listed below and I’ll personally get back to you. Thanks for reading; it’s been my pleasure to share this information with you.

Come visit us at the Jacksonville Spring Home & Patio Show this weekend, March 5-8, at the Prime Osborn Convention Center.

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Alan Knight is the owner of Tub King, Inc., and SeniorBathtub.com in Jacksonville, Florida. He had many years of experience in the antique and senior bathtub industries. These companies not only provide superior products, they are also multi-award winners, receiving the “Best of Jacksonville Chamber Award” four years running. To contact Tub King directly, call (800)843-4231 or email alan@tubking.com.

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